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Most Texas community college students who transfer to a four-year university don’t graduate, according to a report on college transfers released Wednesday.
The study from the Community College Research Center and Aspen Institute found that only 45% of students who go on to a four-year college get a bachelor’s degree. Black and adult students struggle even more after they transfer out of a community college, with just 33% and 37% completing their bachelor’s degree, respectively.
Community colleges have long pitched themselves as the most affordable place to start studying for a bachelor’s degree. But Wednesday’s report, the first to break down state transfer outcomes by race, socioeconomic status and age, suggests transfer students need more support to complete their degrees.
“No wonder there is this distrust in higher education when transfer students who enter these kinds of institutions can’t realize their goals,” said Tania LaViolet with the Aspen Institute.
The report also found low-income and adult learners are less likely to transfer to a four-year university from a community college, compared to their classmates.
Texas legislators changed how they finance community colleges last year to incentivize transfers. Community colleges now get more money when their students earn at least 15 semester credit hours before enrolling in a four-year university. In the 2024-25 school year, the first year under the new funding model, Texas community colleges earned nearly $327 million for funneling their students into four-year colleges.
But that doesn’t guarantee success for a student once they enroll at a four-year university. For one, classes they take at their community college often don’t end up counting toward their bachelor’s degree. And those who do eventually graduate are not graduating fast enough, which delays their entry into the workforce and can mean the amount of money they pay for college continues to accrue, LaViolet said.
To save students from spending time and money on unnecessary credits, Texas encouraged universities to be more transparent about what it takes to get a degree. Senate Bill 25 mandates universities share a recommended course sequence for every major, so students can use them as a guide to select courses at community colleges. It also required universities to report any non-transferrable credits.
But many of the degree plans that universities have shared are not clear enough, said Lauren Schudde, a professor in higher education policy at the University of Texas-Austin.
“I’ve looked at some of the different transfer plans that students have to navigate. It’s hard for me to figure out what courses exactly they’re supposed to take,” Schudde said.
Texas public universities say they have struggled to meet the needs of transfer students partly because of gaps in staffing and funding, according to survey results in a 2023 Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board report.
Participation in dual enrollment — an effort Texas community colleges have invested in — are tied to better transfer outcomes, researchers at the Aspen Institute and the Community College Research Center said.
They also recommended community colleges should advise their students to get an associate’s degree first. Those who transfer out with an associate’s degree have much higher rates of bachelor’s degree completion within six years.
Earning an associate’s degree first guarantees students will have a postsecondary credential, even if they do not finish their bachelor’s degree. But in Texas, Schudde said students risk taking additional community college credits that will not apply to a four-year degree.
The Texas Tribune partners with Open Campus on higher education coverage.
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