For decades, crude oil piped in from Russia has flowed into a giant refinery in Schwedt, an industrial city on the banks of the Oder River in Germany, providing jobs for thousands of workers and a reliable source of gasoline, jet fuel and heating oil for residents of Berlin.
Now, as European Union member states struggle to agree on the terms of an oil embargo to punish Moscow for its invasion of Ukraine, the Schwedt refinery has become the major stumbling block in Germany’s effort to sever its reliance on Russian oil. The prospect has raised alarm among the refinery’s 1,200 employees.
Germany relies on Russia for about a third of its oil, and Robert Habeck, the economy minister and vice chancellor, has spent weeks preparing for an embargo, jetting from the United Arab Emirates to Washington to Warsaw to line up alternative sources of crude.
“The last third is the problem,” Mr. Habeck said in a video aimed at explaining the situation to Germans. And most of that Russian oil comes through the refinery in Schwedt.
The refinery is a looming symbol of how deeply Germany’s oil and gas needs are tied to its giant energy exporter to the east. The PCK refinery — the name is a nod to its East German roots as the state-owned “Petrolchemisches Kombinat,” or Petrochemical Combine — is owned by Rosneft, the Russian state-owned oil company. It is connected to the Soviet-era Druzhba pipeline, one of the world’s longest, bringing oil from Siberian wells to Western Europe.
And it remains an essential part of Germany’s energy needs, producing fuels for Berlin — Germany’s largest city — and nearby areas, including parts of Poland. Sourcing enough oil to replace the 12 million tons of crude processed each year in Schwedt — via German and Polish ports to the north — is only one piece of the puzzle, because Rosneft has told German officials it has no interest in operating the refinery using non-Russian oil.
To address that problem, Germany’s Parliament approved a law last week that would make it easier for the government to seize essential infrastructure under foreign ownership to prevent a national emergency. Should the oil embargo go through, German officials said the new law would allow Berlin to ensure an adequate supply of oil products until another company could be found to acquire Rosneft’s stake.
Shell, Europe’s largest energy company, which holds a 37.5 percent stake in PCK, said recently that it would support the refinery, “even at the cost of economic losses in order to maintain supplies to the region.” Last year, Shell sought to sell its stake in the refinery and Rosneft moved to acquire it, but Germany’s economy ministry, which weighs political and strategic aspects of foreign investments, has yet to approve it.
Another energy firm, Alcmene, part of the privately owned British energy holding company Liwathon Group, has expressed interest in investing in Schwedt. “We would be able to deliver security of supply and full utilization of the PCK refinery through German ports” without government subsidies, Alcmene said in an emailed statement.
Chancellor Olaf Scholz has made clear that he was aware of concerns surrounding the refinery, and considered ensuring its future a priority.
“We are looking very closely at how this can actually work out,” he told a recent meeting of his party in the state of Brandenburg. “We’re also going to make sure that employees aren’t left on their own.”
Fears that layoffs could be around the corner drew hundreds of workers, many dressed in the PCK’s official fluorescent orange and forest green colors, to the company canteen earlier this month for a town-hall meeting with Mr. Habeck.
Like other regions of the former East Germany, Schwedt experienced widespread job losses after the collapse of communism. Memories of 25 percent unemployment still haunt the region.
In addition, the refinery is not just a source of oil and income, it is also the core of the city’s identity. Flattened by the Soviet Union at the end of World War II, the arrival of the oil pipeline — its name, Druzhba, means friendship in Russian — and refinery in the late 1960s drew thousands of workers and their families, lured by secure jobs. PCK’s slogan is: “We move Berlin and Brandenburg!”
Today, roughly a tenth of the city’s 30,000 inhabitants hold secure union jobs at the refinery and supporting industries. Many workers used the meeting with Mr. Habeck to question the government’s approach.
“Why should we take a business partner that for decades has been reliable and always delivered, and slap them with an embargo?” said one man who identified himself as having worked at the refinery for 27 years.
“My wish would actually be to keep the Druzhba pipeline out of the embargo entirely,” said another employee, who identified herself as the mother of three young children. “There is no alternative that is profitable.”
Reporters were asked not to identify the employees who spoke during the event, to protect their privacy.
Mr. Habeck tried to assure the crowd that the refinery would keep operating. “If everything functions as it would on paper,” crude from Norway or the Middle East could be shipped from the ports of Rostock and Gdansk, Poland, both connected to the refinery by pipelines.
At the same time, he acknowledged, there were several points in the process where it could hit a snag.
The PCK facility, like other refineries, is engineered to process the particular kind of crude oil arriving from Russia. Crude coming in from other countries would have to be mixed with oil held in reserve tanks on Germany’s northwestern coast to create a suitable blend.
Getting that reserve oil to the pipeline in Rostock would require a seven-day journey by sea, because no pipelines cross the former boundary that divided East and West Germany, and the country’s main railway cargo operator has almost no oil cars.
Another potential complication: The Polish government is refusing to work with Russian entities, and it has told German officials that as long as Rosneft holds an interest in the refinery, no oil will be arriving from Gdansk.
“We can’t be completely sure about anything that we are doing,” Mr. Habeck told the refinery employees. “But at least it has been thoroughly discussed and thought through.”
Ultimately, Mr. Habeck and local officials would like to see the refinery abandon fossil fuels and focus on processing renewable energy. In recent years, PCK has invested in developing synthetic fuel with a focus on hydrogen. Verbio, a company producing ethanol from local sources, has been operating on the site of the refinery, feeding bioenergy into the city’s heating system.
Officials in Berlin stressed the economic appeal of the surrounding region, pointing to the newly completed Tesla assembly plant and Intel’s announcement of a $19 billion chip-making facility. Both companies were drawn by an abundance of renewable energy, said Carsten Schneider, Chancellor Scholz’s liaison for eastern Germany, who also spoke to the Schwedt residents.
“I assured them that the German government would not just abandon them, but would make an effort, both for a short-term solution of securing oil from somewhere else and for the long-term restructuring toward production of regenerative energy,” he said.
The city’s mayor, Annekathrin Hoppe, said she would like to set up a campus for start-ups, incubators and other energy innovators near the refinery to promote the transition to green energy production. But, she said, that would require “sums in the millions or billions.”
Despite all the attention that politicians from Berlin have showered on her city, she said she had yet to see a timeline or any concrete assurances that people would be able to keep their jobs, or any pledges of financial assistance.
“It was a good start,” she said of the past weeks’ flurry of visits. “But it was only a start.”
