(STACKER) — According to Encyclopedia Britannica, with more than two billon followers, Christianity is the world’s most practiced religion and its “most widely diffused.”
With so many Christians of different ethnicities and nationalities around the world, Christmas is celebrated in countless different ways with traditions that date back centuries.
As the world has become more globalized over the last 100 years, western cultures in particular generally celebrate Christmas in an increasingly indistinct way, but classic Christmas songs still paint a picture of what celebrating the holiday may have been like for our ancestors.
Keep reading to learn about some Christmas traditions that are usually only heard about today on the radio:
Yule logs
Crackling fireplaces are common themes in Christmas imagery. The symbolism of the roaring fire traces back to the yule log ritual, which originated from a pagan practice predating Christianity.
The winter solstice in late December is the longest night of the year. For many ancient societies, darkness and uncertainty about the future plagued this time of year, and Germanic and Scandinavian pagans celebrated yule to pray for the sun’s return. The burning of the yule log comes from Scandinavian tradition intended to banish darkness and evil and bring good fortune. Families would burn the yule log in the fireplace for days or even weeks.
With technology such as central heating, burning a log in the fireplace for an extended period is impractical and unsafe for most. Nowadays, people are more likely to pull up the crackling fireplace on TV or bake a yule log dessert to celebrate the tradition.
The 12 Days of Christmas
Nowadays, the Christmas season starts as soon as October and ends as soon as the New Year’s decorations come out in stores. But early Christians celebrated Christmas from Dec. 25 to Jan. 6: The Christian calendar observes the 12 days that the Three Wise Men traveled to follow the star of Bethlehem and find Jesus after his birth. On the 12th day of Christmas, Christians traditionally celebrate Epiphany or Three Kings Day.
Today, the catchy Christmas carol describing the quirky and exponentially increasing array of gifts has seemingly outshined the Christian roots of the 12 days in the public imagination, leaving only Christmas Day (and perhaps Christmas Eve) to celebrate.
Homemade candy
Before sweets were mass-marketed, homemade treats of all kinds around the holidays were a common indulgence. Famous homemade Christmas goodies include fudge, gingerbread, peanut brittle, and everything peppermint.
Candy canes enjoy a privileged spot in the Christmas candy lineup, but their start is shrouded in legend: A persistent origin story is that a choirmaster in Germany handed out hard candy in the shape of a shepherd’s hook to keep rowdy children quiet at church. However, it is probably more likely that candy canes got their form to serve a dual purpose as a treat and a Christmas tree ornament.
As industrial changes have made candy and sweets widespread year-round, traditions around sweets have changed, too. Today, people typically purchase Christmas candy or pick up a candy cane from their trip to see Santa.
Ghost stories
Long before “The Nightmare Before Christmas” combined the spooky with the sentimental for popular entertainment, people bonded around eerie stories at Christmastime. This custom is not just a way to build togetherness over a crackling fire; it most likely has a connection to the many monsters of legend associated with Christmas as well.
Puritan settlers disapproved of any Christmas traditions based on the supernatural or extravagant, and the spooky elements faded from the general backdrop of Christmas customs in the early United States.
Although “A Christmas Carol” (written in 1843 by Charles Dickens)was an immediate bestseller in the United States and beloved throughout time, Christmas in the United States grew mainly as a holiday rooted in the sentimental rather than spooky. The likely reason? As the Scottish and Irish immigrated en masse to the United States, Halloween arrived, and with it, the American spooky season became firmly established in October instead.
Hiding a pickle in the Christmas tree
People can’t seem to agree where the mysterious Christmas pickle tradition originates. The practice is simple: The first person who finds the pickle ornament in the tree gets to open the first gift or may get an extra one. Although the custom was thought to be from Germany, polling in that country found that 91% of Germans have no idea what it is. And the legends get weirder from there.
Another theory stems from the Civil War: As legend goes, an imprisoned Union soldier begged for a pickle from a prison guard. The soldier survived (yes, likely thanks to the pickle) and began hanging a pickle on the Christmas tree to remember the benevolent guard. In another story, St. Nicholas saves two boys after being trapped in a jar of pickles by an evil innkeeper.
Most people today are still scratching their heads at the why and how of the Christmas pickle tradition. Perhaps that’s why the tradition has stayed mostly in lore rather than practice today. Though, it’s not totally uncommon to see a pickle ornament made of glass or metal.
Creepy Christmas cards
Holiday cards usually contain a modicum of cheer and well wishes, but this was not true during the Victorian era. At the time, cards showing Santa kidnapping children or snowmen with murder in mind were run-of-the-mill Christmas fare.
“In the 19th century, the iconography of Christmas had not been fully developed as it is now,” Penne Restad, author of “Christmas in America,” told History. The idea of Christmas celebrations didn’t take until the mid-1800s and the first Christmas card was commissioned only in 1843. As exchanging cards grew more popular, Victorians sought designs to kickstart conversations. After all, cards weren’t just cardstock but were displayed at Victorian parlors and kept as mementos.
Nowadays, holiday cards have become less morbid and more festive, but perhaps to society’s loss. After all, what’s a celebration without some pathos reminding us that dark things may just be lurking around the corner?
Sugarplums
Visions of sugarplums have long danced in our heads at Christmastime, although the definition of the candy (pastry? fruit?) is anything but clear.
Sugarplums have become a catch-all term for a variety of sweet treats dating back to 16th-century England. Sugarplums have been described as fruits, seeds, nuts, candies, spices, or any combination of these items. They are just as diverse in process, texture, and taste. The broad idea of sugarplums has been consistently associated with Christmas through poetry and song (one of the most memorable elements of Tchaikovsky’s “The Nutcracker” is the Sugarplum Fairy).
If sugarplums have such an enduring relationship with Christmas, why are we dreaming of sugarplums instead of snacking on them? Most likely because we still don’t know what they are.
Placing candles on the tree
Placing lit candles on Christmas trees dates back to 17th-century Germany. However, the festive trees were the source of several deadly fires. The fire risk was so great that insurance companies stopped covering Christmas tree fires by 1908.
The invention of light bulbs ushered in a new, safer era in Christmas tree lighting. In 1882, a couple of years after Thomas Edison patented the lightbulb, Edward Johnson, a friend of Edison’s, hand-wired light bulbs around his Christmas tree in New York City. The beauty and innovation of the display made the papers.
It took a little longer for Americans to embrace electrical lighting: Lights were expensive and required the services of an electrician. It wasn’t until the 1920s that everyday people could afford strings of electric lights. However, as electric lighting increased in affordability and usability, the practice of candle-lighting trees declined.
Cooking the Christmas goose
From Charles Dickens to “The Twelve Days of Christmas,” geese have been long associated with Christmas, but today, people rarely see them on the dinner table. In Victorian England, cooking a Christmas goose was a natural option for most people who couldn’t afford to butcher a hen or cow for Christmas dinner: Geese only lay eggs in warmer months and provide less daily value for families than chickens or cows.
The Christmas goose tradition never really took off in the United States. It faded in the English practice as well. There are a couple of explanations for why the Christmas turkey took over the dinner table in popular culture. A prevailing theory is that the Dickens scene where Scrooge brings a prize turkey to replace the poor Cratchit family’s goose forever stamped the goose dinner as a poor man’s option and elevated the turkey.
Turkeys are also native to the Americas, are easier to raise, and became more readily available in Europe after the growth of industrial farming. Today, commercial goose farms are few and far between in the United States and a rare sight on the Christmas dinner table.
Lord of Misrule
In medieval Europe, Christmas was a time to take part in mischief and misbehavior—and even a little anarchy. This tradition originates from the Roman holiday Saturnalia in mid-December.
Saturnalia is a holiday honoring the agricultural god Saturn, and the ancient Romans celebrated not only by drinking, feasting, and gambling but also by relaxing the social norms that governed their lives. Dress codes became more lax, gifts were exchanged, and social order was temporarily upended: People who were enslaved were even invited to the parties thrown by their enslavers.
The growth of Christianity in Europe brought new ways to express the spirit of Saturnalia in the context of the medieval church. In the spirit of social inversion, a practice in 15th-century Europe involved a choirboy assuming the bishop’s duties for the day.
In the court of Henry VIII (1485-1509) a servant or minor official was crowned “the Lord of Misrule” and presided over anarchy, insults, pranks, and general mischief for the Christmas festivities. Around the mid-1500s, George Ferrer was appointed the Lord of Misrule and took the role to new heights, entering the city with an entourage that included six councilors, a jester, jugglers, tumblers, a poet, friars, two gentleman ushers, and more.
The changing role of the monarchy and the general social order diminished the meaning of some of these rituals as the Middle Ages progressed into eras of Enlightenment and self-government.
